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 Table of Contents  
STUDY PROTOCOL
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 1  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 9-16

Safety of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for treating hereditary cerebellar ataxia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial


Department of Cell Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China

Date of Web Publication5-Apr-2016

Correspondence Address:
Yi-hua An
Department of Cell Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing
China
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


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  Abstract 

Background: Intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) has been shown to be effective for treating spinocerebellar ataxia and can improve patient's neurological function to a certain degree without safety concerns. However, further validation by randomized controlled trials is needed. The present study aims to fill this gap.
Methods/Design: A single-center, parallel group, open-label, randomized controlled trial will be performed at General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, China. A total of 100 patients with hereditary cerebellar ataxia will undergo hUCMSC transplantation in the subarachnoid space through lumbar puncture (hUCMSCs transplantation group) or not (control group). The outcome observation time will be designated within 1 week before transplantation, as well as 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation. Primary outcomes include neurological function evaluation (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Modified Falls Efficacy Scale, Berg Balance Assessment, Tremor Rating Scale, and the Timed Up and Go test) and blood tests. Secondary outcomes include electrophysiology examination, mental state evaluation, and urine testing.
Discussion: This trial protocol is designed to provide reference data for the safety and rational use of hUCMSC transplantation in the treatment of hereditary cerebellar ataxia.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01489267; registered on 30 October 2011. The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, China (approval No. 201117).

Keywords: clinical trial: brain injury; spinocerebellar ataxia; umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; lumbar puncture; subarachnoid space; cell transplantation; randomized controlled trial


How to cite this article:
An Yh. Safety of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for treating hereditary cerebellar ataxia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Clin Trials Degener Dis 2016;1:9-16

How to cite this URL:
An Yh. Safety of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for treating hereditary cerebellar ataxia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Clin Trials Degener Dis [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 28];1:9-16. Available from: https://www.clinicaltdd.com/text.asp?2016/1/1/9/179742

Conflicts of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
YHA conceived and designed this trial protocol, wrote the paper and agreed the final version of this paper.
Plagiarism check
This paper was screened twice using CrossCheck to verify originality before publication.
Peer review
This paper was double-blinded and stringently reviewed by international expert reviewers.



  Background Top


Spinocerebellar ataxia is a common hereditary disease of the central nervous system that mainly invades the cerebellum, spinal cord, and brain stem, mostly appears in 30-40-year-old individuals, and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. To date, more than 30 gene subtypes have been identified. The underlying mechanisms behind this disease can be attributed to abnormal expansion of a trinucleotide repeat in the virulence gene, leading to intracellular deposition of mutant protein containing a polyglutamine chain, followed by intranuclear inclusion, and finally neuronal degeneration. Patients present with balance disturbances, dystaxia, dysarthrosis, and intention tremors (Spencer et al., 2003; Walter et al., 2006). This disease is clinically characterized first by the presence of flaccid, powerless lower limbs, with risk of tumbling, followed by poor fine motor activities in the upper limbs, and finally loss of the ability to independently carry out activities of daily life. For this disease, prognosis is poor and effective drugs are not yet available.

Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent mesoderm-derived cells with high self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation capacities. The bone marrow is the main source of mesenchymal stem cells. However, bone marrow puncture is required for harvesting bone marrow and, therefore, this source is limited. Additionally, with aging, the number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells decreases, as well as the proliferation and differentiation potentials, and there is an increased risk for viral infection (Troyer et al., 2008). In recent years, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) have become an increasing area of interest in the field of stem cell transplantation for treating central nervous system diseases. hUCMSCs, stem cells from the umbilical cord and perivascular tissue, are considered the ideal seed cells to replace bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells because of their widely available and rich sources, ease of collection, rapid proliferation, stable biological properties, and lack of ethical concerns (Shetty et al., 2010; Fan et al., 2011; Taghizadeh et al., 2011; Dalous et al., 2012).

hUCMSCs exhibit high self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation potentials (Liu et al., 2010). Under certain induction conditions, hUCMSCs differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, vascular endothelial cells, neurons, and glial cells and express neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Wang et al., 2004), which can provide neuroprotection. Therefore, hUCMSCs are likely to be ideal cells for cell transplantation. The most recent animal studies have shown that intravenous transplantation of hUCMSCs can reduce apoptosis of Purkinje's cells in the brains of mouse models of cerebellar ataxia and promote locomotor function recovery (Zhang et al., 2011). hUCMSCs exhibit low immunogenicity, do not express graft rejection-related HLAII antigen or effector T cell-induced costimulatory molecules; further, hUCMSC allotransplantation does not produce immunological rejection (Cho et al., 2008; Soleymaninejadian et al., 2012). hUCMSCs have been confirmed to greatly improve neurological function in animal models of cerebral ischemia (Lim et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2011), ataxia, multiple system atrophy (Chang et al., 2011), and Parkinson's disease (Weiss et al., 2006; Glavaski-Joksimovic and Bohn, 2013).

Our team performed a series of clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in the treatment of nervous system diseases ([Table 1]) and acquired striking outcomes in the treatment of spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and sequelae of traumatic brain injury. However, to the best of our knowledge, few trial protocols and clinical studies have reported on hUCMSC transplantation for treating hereditary cerebellar ataxia.
Table 1: Studies using umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) recently published by the team led by Yi-hua An


Click here to view



  Methods/Design Top


Study design

This single-center parallel group, open-label, randomized controlled trial will be performed at General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, China. The trial protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT01489267) on 30 October 2011. A total of 100 patients with hereditary cerebellar ataxia eligible for participation in this study will undergo UCMSC transplantation in the subarachnoid space through lumbar puncture (UCMSCs transplantation group, n = 50) or not (control group, n = 50). Outcome evaluation and statistical analysis will be performed by professional staff ([Figure 1]).
Figure 1: Flow chart of the trial protocol.
hUCMSCs: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.


Click here to view


Ethics consideration and informed consent

The study protocol has been approved by the ethics committee of the General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, China (Approval No. 201117). The benefits and risks of participation in the trial will be explained to each patient, legal deputy, or witness by the sponsors or their designee, and written informed consent will be obtained before the trial. The trial protocol will be performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, formulated by the World Medical Association.

Study participants

Inclusion criteria


Patients from the Department of Cell Transplantation, General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, China, who meet all of the following criteria, will be considered for admission to the trial.

  • Spinocerebellar ataxia diagnosed molecularly
  • Previously have not undergone stem cell treatment
  • 18-65 years of age
  • Either sex
  • Written informed consent to undergo the therapeutic regimen


Exclusion criteria

Patients presenting with one of the following criteria will be excluded from the trial.

  • Cognitively impaired individuals
  • Schizophrenics
  • Patients with a medical history of severe allergy
  • Malignant tumor
  • General infection or local severe infection
  • Central nervous diseases
  • Age < 18 years or > 65 years
  • Severe heart and/or lung disease, severe hepatic and renal impairment or other severe central nervous system diseases
  • Breastfeeding
  • Patients who have poor compliance or cannot accom- plish the clinical trial, or those whom the researchers determine should not enter the clinical trial


Randomization

The included patients will be randomly computerized into a hUCMSCs transplantation group and a control group, with 50 patients per group, by a researcher blinded to the participants. The random sequence numbers assigned for the patients scheduled to undergo therapeutic regimen will be preserved in a sealed, opaque envelop until eligible patients agree to participate in the trial. If any error or disclosure with regard to randomization occurs, a new randomization sequence will be generated starting from the problematic serial number and applied to subsequent patients.

The patients and evaluators will be blinded to treatment allocation, and the searcher responsible for cell transplantation will be aware of grouping.

Withdrawal management

Withdrawal of treatment


If patients exhibit severe adverse events, researchers will determine whether the patient should withdraw from the trial according to the researchers' experience, and related data from these patients should undergo intention-to-treat analysis unless patients ask for removal of these data. The reason for trial withdrawal will be recorded in the case report form and medical case notes.

Withdrawal of consent of follow-up

If patients or their relatives do not agree to the following trial during the follow-up interview, the patients will be withdrawn from the trial and the patient data collected before withdrawal will only be included in the final analysis after acquirement of informed consent.

Interventions

hUCMSCs transplantation group: the patients will be asked to lie on their side with their knees flexed and their trunk in a lordotic position. The L 3-4 or L 4-5 intervertebral space will be used as acupuncture points. After topical anesthesia by infiltration with 2% lidocaine, a transfixion pin will be slowly inserted into the subarachnoid cavity. After removal of the needle core, colorless transparent cerebrospinal fluid will flow out. When 2 mL cerebrospinal fluid flows out, 2 mL of prepared cell suspension (1 × 10 7 hUCMSCs) will be slowly infused into the subarachnoid space. After injection, the needle core will be placed back, and the transfixion pin will be pulled out. The patients will be asked to lie in a supine position without pillows. Each patient will receive four hUCMSC transplantations with 3-5 days between two transplantations.

Control group: in addition to conventional symptomatic treatment, no interventions or medication will be performed.

The allocation arm will be disclosed to all patients and researchers responsible for intervention conduction.

Stem cell culture and preparation

Healthy pregnant women, who are scheduled to undergo uterine-incision delivery after 39 weeks of pregnancy and provide written informed consent, will be included in the trial. A 10-cm length of umbilical cord will be harvested during the surgery. Under sterile conditions, after removal of amnion and umbilical cord vessels, the remaining tissue will be washed three times with physiological saline, chopped into 0.58 cm 3 -sized blocks and cultured in DMED medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Half of the culture medium will be refreshed every 3 days. The remaining tissue blocks will be removed at 7-10 days of culture. The cells adherent to the flask wall will be digested with 0.25% trypsin and re-incubated. Culture medium will be refreshed every 3 days and passages will be performed every 5-7 days. Passages 4-6 cells will be identified under an inverted phase-contrast microscope and flow cytometer and then used for transplantation.

Prior to cell transplantation, passages 4-6 cells will be collected and prepared into 2-mL cell suspensions (containing 1 × 10 7 hUCMSCs). Cells that meet all of the following conditions will be selected for use: (1) under inverted phase-contrast microscope, cells present with typical phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells and grow vigorously; (2) flow cytometry shows a percentage of CD44- and CD29-positive cells > 95% and CD106-positive cells > 80%, HLA-DR expression rate > 5%, and no CD34-, CD45-, and CD14-positive cells are observed; (3) sterility test: negative; (4) presence of endotoxin: negative.

Outcome measures

Primary outcomes


Neurological function evaluation: International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, ICARS) (Cano et al., 2005); Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (Hill et al., 1996); Berg Balance Scale (Steffen et al., 2002); Tremor Rating Scale (Duane and Vermilion KJ, 2002); Timed Up & Go Test (Steffen et al., 2002).

Blood test: white blood cells, neutrophilic granulocytes, leukomonocytes; glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase; hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; phosphocreatine kinase; uric acid, creatinine, α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin, lymphotoxin, tumor markers (AFP, CEA, CA125, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA72-4CY21-1, and NSE), and lymphocyte classification.

Secondary outcomes

Psychological evaluation: Questionnaires related to sleep and depression: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck and Steer, 1984); alertness: Computerized Continuous Performance Tasks) (Klee and Garfinkel, 1983); memory: Mini Mental State Examination (Tombaugh and McIntyre, 1992).

Electrophysiology examination: Somatosensory-evoked potential and brain stem auditory-evoked potential.

Urinal test: Proteinum, akaryocyte, α1-microglobulin and β2-microglobulin.

The timing of the trial outcome evaluation is shown in [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Timing of the trial outcome evaluation.

Click here to view


Safety assessment

Any expectant or non-expectant adverse events, such as headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, spasms, fever, or worsened disease conditions should be recorded. If severe adverse events occur, detailed information of the adverse events including the date of occurrence, measures taken related to the treatment, causal relationship with the treatment, and treatment of the adverse event will be announced to the researchers responsible for the trial and clinical ethics committee.

Data management

Accurate medical records of the patients will be collected by the research associate. Paper case report forms will be inspected and retrieved by the research associate. The case report forms with complete information will be preserved in a secure and locked place for future viewing.

Statistical analysis

All statistical data will be processed by statisticians using SPSS 15.0 software. The numeric data will be expressed as percentages and measurement data as the mean ± SD. A chi-square test will be used to compare numeric data between groups and a Student's t-test will be used to compare measurement data between two groups. A paired t-test will be used to compare measurement data of a participant before and after interventions, and repeated measures one-way analysis of variance will be used to compare numeric data between multiple time points. P < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

Dissemination

The communication strategy used for this study mainly involves the patients participating in this trial. The patients can decide to participate in this trial after conferring with researchers, relatives, and friends. For more information regarding this trial, patients and researchers can communicate with trial group members by inputting identifier NCT01489267 at www.ClinicalTrials.gov. General information can be found at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/learn.


  Discussion Top


Spinocerebellar ataxia is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Theoretically, the survival and function of newly transplanted stem cells is likely to be limited in the brains of spinocerebellar ataxia patients. In some patients, the progression of this disease can be delayed by multiple courses of treatment. However, uncertainties exist regarding optimal treatment times, time interval between treatments, and the optimal number of mesenchymal stem cells that should be intrathecally infused.

In recent years, hUCMSCs transplantation studies have reported on the treatment of spinocerebellar ataxia and have investigated the efficacy and safety of this treatment. Some scholars (Qiu et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014) have treated patients with spinocerebellar ataxia by intrathecal injection of hUCMSCs. International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale scores and Activities of Daily Living Scale scores both show that hUCMSC transplantation can improve clinical symptoms of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia to a certain degree. Liu et al. (2010) also treated patients with spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy by intrathecal injection of hUCMSCs; International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale scores and Activities of Daily Living Scale scores both showed that after intrathecal injection of hUCMSCs, patient's neurological function and activities of daily living greatly improved. Dong et al. (2012) reported that three intrathecal injections and one intravenous injection of hUCMSCs improved early- and middle-state clinical symptoms to a certain degree without safety concerns. Xin and Chen (2014) used ganglioside injection in combination with hUCMSC transplantation to treat spinocerebellar ataxia, showing that patient's clinical symptoms significantly improved, as determined by International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale scores and Activities of Daily Living Scale scores. These findings suggest that hUCMSC injections into the subarachnoid space for treating spinocerebellar ataxia are safe and can improve patient's neurological function to a certain degree. hUCMSC transplantation for treating spinocerebellar ataxia is still in the clinical trial stage; and, to the best of our knowledge, related studies have had small sample sizes and lacked a randomized controlled design (Dongmei et al., 2011; Jin et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014). For this reason, we are attempting to perform the current study to fill these gaps, thereby providing reference data for the use of hUCMSC transplantation to clinically treat spinocerebellar ataxia.

Trial status

Patient recruitment at the time of submission.

Preliminary data

Prior to submission of this study protocol, the study team led by YHA found that intrathecal injections of UCMSCs improved neurological deficits of patients with incomplete cervical cord injuries; these deficits included sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve malfunctions, as well as urine and stool malfunction, without complications such as infection in the operative site, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, or central nervous system infection. The team also treated 15 patients with spinal cord injury using hUCMSC transplantation collected by computer tomography (CT)-guided lumbar puncture under CT guidance, and compared the therapeutic effects with that in patients who only received functional rehabilitation exercises. Results showed that hUCMSC transplantation exhibited better therapeutic effects on neurological functions than functional rehabilitation exercises did. In 2013, they also performed a study involving 32 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and treated them with a single intravenous infusion of hUCMSCs and a singly unilateral pancreatic vascular infusion of hUCMSCs. At 1, 3, and 6 months after cell infusion, patient's blood glucose levels decreased, and clinical symptoms and electrophysiological functions of the median nerve, ulnar nerve, posterior tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve were greatly improved; further, no obvious adverse events were observed. Additionally, in 2013, in a randomized controlled clinical study, the study team treated patients with sequela of traumatic brain injury with stem cell transplantation by lumbar puncture, showing that hUCMSC transplantation significantly improved multiple neurological functions of patients with sequela of traumatic brain injury. In 2012, the team found that hUCMSCs transplantation by lumbar puncture could greatly improve motor function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although the therapeutic effects were not long-lasting and symptoms only improved in 25% of discharged patients.[35]

 
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